Este blogue descreve os habitats e testemunha a grande biodiversidade que existe no "Triângulo do Cabo Mondego" - que abrange a área do Estuário do Rio Mondego - Serra da Boa Viagem e Cabo Mondego com recifes - Praia e Dunas de Quiaios e Lagoas de Quiaios. Também pretendemos focar o "habitat" social e ambiental da espécie humana, sobretudo nas suas condições em Portugal.

Tuesday, February 14, 2012

POEM - O Plano de Ordenamento do Espaço Marítimo (II)

POEM - O Plano de Ordenamento do Espaço Marítimo

Parte II
(Biótopos Marinhos)

Por Horst Engels

Na primeira parte desta publicação sobre o Plano de Ordenamento do Espaço Marítimo (POEM) apontou-se a necessidade de um zonamento do espaço marítimo com a inclusão no Plano de Ordenamento de uma classificação dos habitats e ecossistemas marinhas em forma de Plano Sectorial. Na segunda parte da publicação queremos apresentar algumas classificações existentes dos biótopos, habitats, ecossistemas e fundos marítimos do espaço europeu que podem ser usados pelo POEM depois de serem introduzidas nas classificações as características específicas da fauna e flora marinha portuguesa.

Portugal usa no ordenamento dos territórios terrestres o "Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000", uma classificação dos habitats terrestres que se baseia na Directiva Habitat.

No entanto, uma classificação dos habitats, biótopos e ecossistemas marinhos não pode ser uma mera cópia de uma classificação de biótopos e habitats terrestres devido à natureza bastante diferente do meio marinho. Enquanto os habitats terrestres se delimitam em mais ou menos 2 dimensões sobre a superfície terrestre e por fronteiras normalmente bem definidas, os habitats marinhos não são delimitadas por fronteiras nítidas e extendem-se frequentemente em mais do que 2 dimensões pela coluna de água ou numa dimensão temporal devido à correntes sazonais, afloramentos (upwelling) etc, com um dinamismo pouco comparável ao dos habitats terrestres.


1. O Conceito do Habitat


Habitat (do latim, ele habita) é um conceito usado em ecologia que inclui o espaço físico e os factores abióticos que condicionam um ecossistema e por essa via determinam a distribuição das populações de determinada comunidade.


O conceito de habitat é normalmente usado em referência a uma ou mais espécies, no sentido de estabelecer os locais e as condições ambientais onde o estabelecimento de populações desses organismos é viável. Por exemplo, o habitat da truta são os cursos de água bem oxigenados e com baixa salinidade das zonas temperadas.


Apesar do habitat ser um elemento da natureza, existem também os habitats artificiais, construídos pelo homem, normalmente para promover o aumento populacional de determinada espécie ou comunidade. Exemplos tão antigos como a história da humanidade incluem os campos de cultivo ou os criadouros de peixes.

Conceitos relacionados

  • Um biótopo é a menor parcela ecológica que é possível discernir geograficamente (por exemplo: um dos biótopos da truta é a Ribeira das Casas na Ilha das Flores).
  • Uma biocenose, biota ou comunidade biológica é a associação de comunidades que habitam um biótopo. A biocenose e o biótopo formam no seu conjunto o ecossistema.
  • Um bioma é o conjunto da flora e fauna que vive num determinado habitat e ocupa uma determinada região geográfica e topográfica.
  • Um micro-habitat é a vizinhança imediata do local onde vive um determinado espécime animal ou vegetal.
  • O nicho ecológico é a forma de vida de determinada espécie ou população dentro de um ecossistema, que determina o seu efeito noutras espécies ou populações.


No entanto, tem de se tomar também em conta que o uso dos termos "habitat" e "biótopo" não é sempre igual e pode assim causar confusão na aplicaão dos termos:

Habitat: “a habitat is taken to encompass the substratum, its topography and the particular conditions of wave exposure, salinity, tidal currents and other water quality characteristics (e.g. turbidity and oxygenation) which contribute to the overall nature of a place on the shore or seabed” (CONNOR ET AL. 2004)

Biotope: “…a biotope is defined as the combination of the abiotic habitat and its associated community of species. It can be defined at a variety of scales…” (CONNOR ET AL. 2004) “The term was‘‘rediscovered’’ when the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee, working on a classification of the coastal marine environment, produced a new definition of the biotope (…): ‘‘Biotope = habitat + community’’, broader than under its former accepted definition where the biotope was considered as the physical part of the ecosystem.” … „The new understanding of ‘‘biotope’’ now dominates in the international scientific and applied environmental literature.” (OLENIN & DUCROTOY 2006).

Sobretudo no espao linguístico anglo-saxónico os termos "habitat" e biótopo" foram usados durante muito tempo como sinónimos.

Na Alemanha os termos "habitat" e "biótopo" são usados da seguinte forma:

Habitat: Konzentrationsstelle einer Art, die sich innerhalb eines größeren Biotops (z. B. Wald, Fluss, Ästuar) scharf hervorhebt, von den Gesamtbedingungen desselben jedoch in seiner Artenzusammensetzung weitgehend abhängt, z. B. Baum, Baumstumpf, Tierkadaver, Sandboden. (Citação em: NEHRING & ALBRECHT 2000)

"Espaço de concentração de uma espécie, espaço que se define bem dentro de um biótopo (como por exemplo: floresta, rio ou estuário), mas que ao mesmo tempo depende nas suas condições largamente do mesmo, como por exemplo, árvore, tronco de árvore, cadáver de um animal, fundo de areia etc." (Citação em: NEHRING & ALBRECHT 2000)


Biotop: Lebensstätte einer regelmäßig wiederkehrenden Artengemeinschaft (Biocoenose) von einheitlicher, gegenüber seiner Umgebung abgrenzbarer Beschaffenheit (z. B. Hochmoor, Buchenwald, Höhle, Teich, Meeresstrand). (Citação em: NEHRING & ALBRECHT 2000)

"Sítio com uma comunidade estável de espécies (biocenose) com características constantes e bem distinguíveis do ambiente em que está inserido (p.e gruta, lagoa, praia etc)(Citação em: NEHRING & ALBRECHT 2000).


Estas definições diferentes dos termos "habitat" e "biótopo" têm de ser tomado em conta quando se consulta ou tenta integrar classificações de espaços linguísticos diferentes.




2. Sistemas de Classificação de Habitats Marinhos


2.1 European Nature Information System (EUNIS)


O Sistema Europeu da Informação sobre Natureza (EUNIS) é uma classificação pan-europeia desenvolvida desde 1996 pela Agência Europeia do Ambiente (AEA) em colaboração com o „European Topic Centre for Nature Protection and Biodiversity (ETC/NPB)“ e o „European Environmental Information Observation Network (Eionet)“. Esta classificação inclui todos os tipos de habitas naturais e artificiais, incluindo habitats aquáticos e terrestres.
O sistema EUNIS é um sistema de classificação hierárquico que diferencia neste momento 4 níveis (levels) de habitats terrestres e marinhos.

Existe um conjunto de funções predefinidas para facilitar a consulta da base de dados EUNIS:


Links to easy searches Description
Names and Descriptions Names and Descriptions Search habitat types by name or description
Legal Instruments Legal Instruments Search EUNIS habitat types under legal designation at European level
Country/Biogeographic region Country/Biogeographic region Find habitat types located within a country and/or biogeographic region
Code/Classifications Code/Classifications Find habitat types by their relations with one of the linked classifications
Pick habitat types, show species Pick habitat types, show species Find species characterising a specific habitat type
Pick habitat types, show sites Pick habitat types, show sites Find sites containing a particular habitat type
Pick habitat types, show references Pick habitat types, show references Find books, articles which refer to a habitat type
Pick references, show habitat types Pick references, show habitat types Find habitat types referred by books, articles etc.
Key navigation Key navigation Identify a habitat type following questions and graphical schemas
EUNIS habitat types hierarchical view EUNIS habitat types hierarchical view Hierarchical visualisation of EUNIS habitat types classification
ANNEX I habitat types hierarchical view ANNEX I habitat types hierarchical view Hierarchical visualisation of ANNEX I habitat types classification


(A Agência Europeia do Ambiente (AEA) ou EEA (European Environment Agency) é um órgão sob a administração da União Europeia.

A principal função da Agência Europeia do Ambiente é de carácter informativo. Fornece informação actualizada e fidedigna em matéria ambiental. O seu conhecimento é baseado em informações fornecidas por outras organizações com as quais colabora coordenando as suas funções a nível europeu. Os dados de qualidade que reúne, provenientes de países individuais e da sua rede institucional, são depois compilados e colocados à disposição dos utilizadores em diferentes formatos.

Desta forma, auxilia a União Europeia e os seus países membros no momento de tomada de decisões directamente relacionadas com o ambiente. É também uma preciosa ferramenta para os responsáveis pela formulação e implementação da legislação ambiental a nível europeu e nacional, assim como para o público em geral.

A sua sede localiza-se em Copenhaga, na Dinamarca.)


2.2 A Classificação dos Habitats Marinhos da Grã-Bretanha e da Irlanda


A Classificação dos Habitats Marinhos da Grã-Bretanha e da Irlanda (Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland) é um dos mais abrangentes sistemas de classificação dos habitas marinhos bênticos actualmente em uso. Este sistema foi desenvolvido por análise de conjuntos de dados empíricos e pela análise de outras classificações como dados na literatura pelo JNCC (Joint Nature Conservation Committee) da Grã-Bretanha. A secção marinha de EUNIS é totalmente compatível com esta classificação do JNCC e na realidade, a classificação de EUNIS baseia-se em grande parte nesta classificação.

2.3 Directiva Habitats

Directiva dos Habitats ou Directiva Habitats é o nome pelo qual é conhecida a Directiva 92/43/CEE do Conselho, de 21 de Maio de 1992, relativa à preservação dos habitats naturais e da fauna e da flora selvagens, transposta para o direito interno de Portugal pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 140/99, de 24 de Abril.

A directiva foi adoptada em 1992 como resposta da União Europeia aos princípios constantes da Convenção de Berna que havia sido assinada por todos os Estados-Membros e pela própria União. É uma das únicas duas directivas europeias que regulam a conservação da natureza e da vida selvagem, sendo a outra a Directiva das Aves.

A directiva tem como objectivo proteger cerca de 220 habitats e aproximadamente 1000 espécies listadas nos anexos à Directiva (Anexo I - Habitats, Anexos II, IV e V - Espécies). Os habitats e espécies listados são considerados como de interesse europeu, tendo sido seleccionados de acordo com critérios fixados na própria Directiva.

A descrição e o registo dos habitats desta directiva que não contém habitats marinhos, encontra-se no „Interpretation Manual of European Habitats“ (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2007).

No entanto, para os habitats desta Directiva não existem regras gerais de classificação; variam os parâmetros utilizados na definição e delimitação dos habitats.


2.4 Outras Classificação ou Directivas

Uma directiva que tem de ser consultada numa classificação dos habitats marinhos é a DIRECTIVA 2000/60/CE DO PARLAMENTO EUROPEU E DO CONSELHO de 23 de Outubro de 2000 que estabelece um quadro de acção comunitária no domínio da política da água perante qual todos os estados membros são obrigados a manter as águas interiores e costeiras num bom estado ecológico.



3. A construcção de um sistema de classificação



O sistema de classificação EUNIS vai ser utilizado para servir de sistema de classificação dos habitats marinhos no âmbito do projecto POEM.

Para atingir este fim tem de haver os dados abióticos e bióticos necessários e estes dados têm de ser analizados com métodos estatísticos, sobretudo de estatística multivariada.

Parametros importantes para a construção de um sistema de classificação dos habitats da zona marítima portuguesa como amostragens de sedimentos e a granulometria dos sedimentos faltam ainda para partes do espaço português ou ainda não são introduzidas em mapas (veja "Carta dos Sedimentos Superficiais da Plataforma Continental Portuguesa").

Também será necessário tomar em conta que o aumento do trafego marítimo aumenta constantemente o número de espécies não-autóctonas introduzidas no espaço marítimo português.


4. Paisagens subaquáticas


As classificações e directivas de habitats mencionadas até aqui tomam em conta o conceito dos habitat. No entanto, existem também programas e iniciativas de tomar em conta conceitos mais alargados como o conceito da "paisagem" nos ordenamentos dos terretórios, sobretudo quando há falta de informação biológica dos habitats. Para os territórios terrestres o conceito da paisagem, normalmente antropogenicamente determinada ou modificada, é familiar, mas para os terretórios marítimos este conceito ainda não está muito em uso.

Um conceito e uma definição geo-física de "Marine landscapes" foi desenvolvido por Roff and Taylor em 2000 e aplicda no projecto "Irish Sea Pilot - a Marine Landscape Classification for the Irish Sea".
O mapeamento de paisagens marinhas serve como alternativa de mapeamento de habitats caso que haja falta de informação biológica. Os habitats são determinados apenas a posteriori à partir das paisagens aquáticas.

A seguir são reproduzidas algumas conclusões do relatório final sobre os resultados do projecto piloto de "Irish Sea Pilot":

...In relation to the coastal and seabed marine landscapes, the results (table 3.5) show that just four of the 18 marine landscape types make up 77% of the area of the Irish Sea Pilot study area. In contrast, 12 of the marine landscape types make up less than 10% of the study area, and seven of these marine landscape types each cover less than 0.5% of the study area. Such scarce types could well merit special protection measures and warrant consideration in the current review of habitats listed on Annex I of the Habitats Directive (EC, 1992)(Rias and Lagoons already appear in Annex I).

There was, generally, a good correlation between the marine landscapes identified and the
character of the seabed. However, partly because of the inherent simplification which took place in the generation of the marine landscapes, and partly because the available substrate data does not always reflect the actual condition of the seabed, there is greater variability of seabed characteristics than a straightforward interpretation of the marine landscape map would suggest. The same is true of the biological characterisation; in general the relation between marine landscapes and biological communities is very strong, but locally there can be considerable variation and complexity.

It is apparent from the map of coastal and seabed marine landscapes (figure 3.1) that areas of the Irish Sea differ in their variety of marine landscapes. Some areas are relatively uniform, with one or two marine landscapes, in others many more types of marine landscape are to be found. The grid cell system was used to compare the relative diversity of marine landscape areas, and the results are shown in (figure 3.4). Areas of high marine landscape diversity can be used to identify probable areas of high biodiversity where biological data are scarce, and this approach could be used to identify probable diversity hotspots in such areas. Figure 3.4 indicates areas of high marine landscape diversity off the coasts of Co Antrim and Co Down and eastwards to the Mull of Galloway, off Anglesey, off the coasts of Co Wexford, Co Waterford and Dyfed.

Marine landscapes can be used to predict the susceptibility of human impacts on their biological communities (Tyler-Walters et al., 2003) (table 3.6), but there is a need to use some caution in this. Many of the biological communities which presently occur reflect some modification of the natural state as a result of human activity, and this could have implications for the conclusions reached. For example, areas of seabed subject to strong currents where sediments are mobile could be expected to support biological communities capable of accommodating a level of physical disturbance. If these communities were considered natural for such an area, human activity causing similar disturbance might, therefore, be assumed to be relatively harmless. However, species-rich biogenic reefs may have developed in these areas but have been destroyed by dredging or trawling activity. Continuation of such activities would ensure that such reefs would not re-establish.

Marine landscapes have been used as a surrogate assessment unit during the identification of important marine areas, using the software tool Marxan (Ball and Possingham, 1999) (Lieberknecht et al., 2004b). Note that this work links to the coastal and seabed marine landscapes of the Irish Sea provisional list.

Although the marine landscapes methodology is relatively straightforward, a number of issues have arisen, and these are discussed in further detail below. The marine landscape classification was heavily based on two readily available British Geological Survey (BGS) datasets at a scale of 1:250,000; DigBath250 and DigSBS250. BGS has a considerable amount of data on bedforms and sediments which is not compiled into digital format. These datasets could provide detail at scales of 1:100,000 or larger for important areas of the Irish Sea and other parts of UK waters, which could improve the ‘confidence levels’ of the resulting maps. However, compiling this data and making it available would require funding and investment....

(Em fundo esverdeado: Citação de "The Irish Sea Pilot Project")

Ao "Irish Sea Pilot" seguiram outros projectos de mapeamento de paisagens marinhas como UKSeaMap (2004 - 2006), HABMAP (2004 - 2010), BALANCE (2005 - 2007), MESH (2004 - 2008) e EUSeaMap (2008 - 2011), melhorando a metodologia aplicada. A última classificação de paisagens marítimas com atribuição dos habitats EUNIS, UKSeaMap 2010, para a Grã-Bretanha foi concluida com successo em 2010.

Existe também no trabalho "Deutsche Marine Biotoptypen" uma tentativa de classificar a "paisagem marítima" da zona marítima alemã e para aplicar este método indirecto no ordenamento dos habitats marinhos da Alemanha - um trabalho encomendado pelo Ministério do Ambiente (Bundesamt für Naturschutz) da Alemanha.

O conceito da paisagem marítima tem também elevado interesse para Portugal, não apenas devido à existencia de "estruturas" marítimas como os "canhões" ou "desfiladeiros submarinos" existentes nas margens continentais (veja: Anexo 3), mas também pela necessidade da elaboração de uma classificação dos habitats marítimos.

Portugal está envolvido no projecto "Mesh Atlantic" (Cartografia de habitats dos fundos marinhos do Espaço Atlântico para uma gestão sustentável), em execução desde Janeiro de 2010 e com término previsto para Dezembro de 2012, que pretende compilar toda a informação georreferenciada sobre a distribuição de habitats marinhos no Espaço Atlântico, que seja facilmente acessível e apoie a definição de políticas e a implementação de directivas europeias relativas a zonas costeiras e ao meio marinho.

Para tal, o projecto assentará nos princípios e metodologias sólidas estabelecidas por anteriores projectos europeus, que alargará e adaptará às especificidades do Espaço Atlântico com o intuito de colocar os países desta região a par da situação atingida em grande parte da Europa Central e do Norte.

Tanto os estados membros como a Comissão Europeia carecem de informação georreferenciada sobre os habitats marinhos facilmente acessível, para apoiar a definição de políticas e a implementação de directivas relativas ao meio marinho.

O projecto MeshAtlantic pretende compilar esta informação e produzir mapas harmonizados de habitats marinhos para o Espaço Atlântico (EA), enquanto promove o respectivo uso e serve a comunidade em geral. O projecto assentará nos princípios e metodologias estabelecidas por anteriores projectos europeus, e adapta-las-á ao EA com o intuito de colocar os países desta região a par da situação atingida em Europa do Norte. 

Os produtos-chave do projecto consistem em três conjuntos distintos de mapas harmonizados no seio do EA: (i) um mapa global preditivo dos habitats marinhos resultante da compilação de dados oceanográficos e de tipo de fundo, disponível nos vários países (ii) mapas existentes que carecem de aperfeiçoamento e harmonização e (iii) mapas especificamente produzidos para um conjunto de sítios pertencentes à rede Natura 2000. 

Estes resultados serão disponibilizados livremente através de um portal internet, interactivo, de mapeamento. Tendo por base um plano de comunicação multi-facetado, o projecto será executado em estreita colaboração com os utilizadores do meio marinho, que desenvolvam actividades nomeadamente no uso sustentável dos seus recursos.

(em fundo esverdeado: citação da Descrição do Projecto MeshAtlantic)


5. A partir de mapas para uma gestão dinâmica


Mapas da distribuição dos habitats e das espécies são hoje em dia facilmente produzidos através de um Sistema de Informação Geografica (SIG). Mas um Plano de Ordenamento marítima não tem apenas de garantir um correcto ordenamento espacial mas tem de também tomar em conta processos dinâmicos e as acções que precisam ser coordenadas no tempo. Um acidente por um návio petrolífero pode ter consequências fatais e irreversíveis para os ecossistemas de uma região.
No entanto, os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIGs) que podiam tomar em conta os aspectos dinâmicos de um Plano de Ordamento marítimo ainda estão numa fase experimental de desenvolvimento e não são suficientemente testados para garantir uma tarefa destas já com a segurança necessária.

Assim vai ser necessário ainda algum esforço para chegar a um Plano de Ordenamento Marítimo Português (POEM) que contempla todas as necessidades de uma protecção e conservação do ambiente subaquático marinho de Portugal. Mas estamos convencidos que este plano vai surgir e não vai se limitar a ser apenas um poema.1 

6. Bibliografia

Plano de Ordenamento do Espaço Marítimo - Discussão Pública

www.inag.pt/index.php?...
A Proposta do Plano de Ordenamento do Espaço Marítimo (POEM) e o respectivo Relatório Ambiental encontram-se concluídos tecnicamente e aprovados pela ...


Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000 - ICNB

portal.icnb.pt/.../O...e.../Plano+Sectorial+da+Rede+Natura+2000/
PLANO SECTORIAL DA REDE NATURA 2000. O Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000, PSRN2000, é um instrumento de gestão territorial, que visa a ...
Visitou esta página 2 vezes. Última visita: 01-02-2012


B DIRECTIVA 92/43/CEE DO CONSELHO de 21 de Maio de 1992 ...

eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri...1992L0043...PT...
Formato do ficheiro: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Visualização rápida
1 jan. 2007 – DIRECTIVA 92/43/CEE DO CONSELHO de 21 de Maio de 1992 relativa à preservação dos habitats naturais e da fauna e da flora selvagens ...


Directiva Habitats - Instituto da Conservação da Natureza

portal.icnb.pt/NR/rdonlyres/69E51995.../0/directivaHabitats.pdf
Formato do ficheiro: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Visualização rápida
►B. DIRECTIVA 92/43/CEE DO CONSELHO de 21 de Maio de 1992 relativa à preservação dos habitats naturais e da fauna e da flora selvagens. (JO L 206 de ...

Versão actual (2012) da Directiva Habitat em português:

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1992:206:0007:0050:PT:PDF


DAVID W. CONNOR, JAMES H. ALLEN, NEIL GOLDING, KERRY L. HOWELL, LOUISE M. LIEBERKNECHT, KATE O. NORTHEN AND JOHNNY B. REKER (2004)
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 JNCC, Peterborough
ISBN 1 861 07561 8 (internet version)
jncc.defra.gov.uk/MarineHabitatClassification 


Biotopes and classification systems - Coastal Wiki

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3 Aug 2011 – Olenin S. and Ducrotoy J.P. (2006). The concept of biotope in marine ecology and coastal management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 53 20-29.



NEHRING, S. & U. ALBRECHT, 2000: Biotop, Habitat, Mikrohabitat - Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zur Begriffsdefinition. - Lauterbornia 38: 75-84.


102 Nehring Albrecht 2000 Lauterbornia 38 biotop pdf free ebook ...

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15. März 2011 – Download 102 Nehring Albrecht 2000 Lauterbornia 38 biotop pdf documents from www.stefannehring.de at @EbookBrowse


EUNIS

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EUNIS is the European University Information Systems Organization. It was formed in 1993. It has been registered as a non-profit organization in Paris, France in ...


EUNIS habitat classification – a guide for users

eunis.eea.europa.eu/.../... - Traduzir esta página
Formato do ficheiro: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Visualização rápida
JNCC,. Peterborough. www.jncc.gov.uk/MarineHabitatClassification. Davies, C.E., Moss, D. & Hill, M.O. (2004). EUNIS Habitat Classification Revised 2004.


Agência Europeia do Ambiente — EEA

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A Agência Europeia do Ambiente (AEA) publicou hoje o seu quarto relatório sobre “O Ambiente na Europa – situação actual e perspectivas” – SOER 2010 ...
Temas - Destaques da AEA na área do ... - Novos mapas proporcionam


Agência Europeia do Ambiente – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre

pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agência_Europeia_do_Ambiente
A Agência Europeia do Ambiente (AEA) ou EEA (European Environment Agency) é um órgão ... Obtida de "http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ag%C3% ...


The European Topic Centre on Nature Protection and Biodiversity ...

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The European Topic Centre on Nature Protection and Biodiversity. The ETC/NPB supports the EEA in its work of collecting, analysing, evaluating and ...


European Environment Information and Observation Network - Eionet

www.eionet.europa.eu/ - Traduzir esta página
11 Oct 2011 – Eionet is a partnership network of the European Environment Agency and its member and cooperating countries, connecting National Focal ...


Marine Habitat Classification

jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1584 - Traduzir esta página
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain & Ireland (v04.05). The marine habitat classification for Britain and Ireland provides a tool to aid the management ...


The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland. Version ...

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Formato do ficheiro: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Visualização rápida
de D Connor - 2005 - Artigos relacionados
04/2005. File name: MNCR_04_05_introduction.pdf. Language: English. Number of ... The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 ...

JNCC - Adviser to Government on Nature Conservation

jncc.defra.gov.uk/ - Traduzir esta página
Joint Nature Conservation Committee. JNCC. Adviser to the United Kingdom Government on nature conservation issues at a Great Britain, United Kingdom and ...

Protected Sites

Information on the UK national suites of sites providing ...

Species

An important part of JNCC's work concerns species conservation ...

Jobs with JNCC

List of job current vacancies at JNCC and employment ...

Publications catalogue

The majority of JNCC publications are distributed for us by an ...

Marine

A significant proportion of the UK's total biodiversity is found in the ...

Special Areas of Conservation

Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) are strictly protected ...


Carta dos Sedimentos Superficiais | Instituto Hidrográfico

www.hidrografico.pt/carta-sedimentos-superficiais.php
A "Carta dos Sedimentos Superficiais da Plataforma Continental Portuguesa" é uma publicação do Instituto Hidrográfico. Esta cartografia, pertencente à “Série ...


DIRECTIVA 2000/60/CE DO PARLAMENTO EUROPEU E DO ...

dqa.inag.pt/dqa2002/pdf/D_Q.pdf
Formato do ficheiro: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
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PRIMER-E

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UKSeaMap 2010 - Predictive seabed habitat mapping for UK waters. ... UKSeaMap 2010 - predictive mapping of seabed habitats ...


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EUSeaMap - Project overview - Modelling seabed habitats across Europe.


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landscapes (seascapes). The method was extended for UK water by Laffoley et al. (2000) to encounter marine environment conservation at a range of scales ...


Roff, J. C. and Taylor, M. E. (2000), National frameworks for marine conservation — a hierarchical geophysical approach. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 10: 209–223. doi: 10.1002/1099-0755(200005/06)10:3<209::AID-AQC408>3.0.CO;2-J


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de B für Naturschutz - 2010 - Artigos relacionados
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Ocean margins are the transitional zones between the oceans and continents. ... Springer, 2003 - Science - 495 pages .... Resultados de 1 a 1 sobre 1 resultados encontrados. ... TÍTULO: Ocean margin systems / editors G. Wefer... [et al.] .

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7. Anexos


Anexo 1


Exemplo de uma hierárquia de uma Classificação dos Habitats Marinhos - Classificação dos Habitats Marinhos da Grã-Bretanha e da Irlanda (Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland)




Marine Habitat Classification Hierarchy

Expand hierarchy to:Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5
  Marine Habitats Classification
  Littoral rock (and other hard substrata)
  High energy littoral rock
  Mussel and/or barnacle communities
  Mytilus edulis and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock
  Chthamalus spp. on exposed eulittoral rock
  Chthamalus spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock
  Chthamalus spp. and Lichina pygmaea on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock
  Semibalanus balanoides on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock
  Semibalanus balanoides, Patella vulgata and Littorina spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock
  Semibalanus balanoides, Fucus vesiculosus and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock
  Semibalanus balanoides and Littorina spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles
  Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities
  Fucus distichus and Fucus spiralis f. nana on extremely exposed upper shore rock
  Corallina officinalis on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
  Corallina officinalis and Mastocarpus stellatus on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
  Corallina officinalis, Himanthalia elongata and Patella ulyssiponensis on very exposed lower eulittoral rock
  Himanthalia elongata and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
  Palmaria palmata on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
  Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
  Osmundea pinnatifida on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
  Ceramium sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat
  Fucoids in tide-swept conditions
  Ascophyllum nodosum, sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock
  Fucus serratus, sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock
  Fucus serratus with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata
  Moderate energy littoral rock
  Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
  Mytilus edulis and Fucus vesiculosus on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
  Mytilus edulis, Fucus serratus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
  Mytilus edulis and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay
  Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
  Pelvetia canaliculata and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock
  Fucus spiralis on exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock
  Fucus vesiculosus and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
  Fucus serratus on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
  Fucus serratus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
  Fucus serratus and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders
  Fucus serratus and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock
  Rhodothamniella floridula on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock
  Low energy littoral rock
  Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
  Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered littoral fringe rock
  Fucus spiralis on sheltered upper eulittoral rock
  Fucus spiralis on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock
  Fucus spiralis on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata
  Fucus vesiculosus on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock
  Fucus vesiculosus on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock
  Fucus vesiculosus on mid eulittoral mixed substrata
  Ascophyllum nodosum on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock
  Ascophyllum nodosum on full salinity mid eulittoral rock
  Ascophyllum nodosum on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata
  Fucus serratus on sheltered lower eulittoral rock
  Fucus serratus on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock
  Fucus serratus on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata
  Fucoids in variable salinity
  Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock
  Fucus spiralis on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock
  Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata
  Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock
  Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata
  Fucus serratus and large Mytilus edulis on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock
  Fucus ceranoides on reduced salinity eulittoral rock
  Features of littoral rock
  Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock
  Yellow and grey lichens on supralittoral rock
  Prasiola stipitata on nitrate-enriched supralittoral or littoral fringe rock
  Verrucaria maura on littoral fringe rock
  Verrucaria maura and sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock
  Verrucaria maura on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock
  Blidingia spp. on vertical littoral fringe soft rock
  Ulothrix flacca and Urospora spp. on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock
  Rockpools
  Green seaweeds (Enteromorpha spp. and Cladophora spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools
  Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools
  Coralline crusts and Corallina officinalis in shallow eulittoral rockpools
  Coralline crusts and Paracentrotus lividus in shallow eulittoral rockpools
  Bifurcaria bifurcata in shallow eulittoral rockpools
  Cystoseira spp. in eulittoral rockpools
  Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools
  Sargassum muticum in eulittoral rockpools
  Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools
  Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools
  Littoral caves and overhangs
  Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock
  Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings
  Audouinella purpurea and Pilinia maritima crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings
  Audouinella purpurea and Cladophora rupestris on upper to mid-shore cave walls
  Verrucaria mucosa and/or Hildenbrandia rubra on upper to mid shore cave walls
  Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances
  Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and Dendrodoa grossularia on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves
  Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves
  Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls
  Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves
  Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors
  Ephemeral green or red seaweed communities (freshwater or sand-influenced)
  Enteromorpha spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock
  Porphyra purpurea and Enteromorpha spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock
  Ephemeral green and red seaweeds on variable salinity and/or disturbed eulittoral mixed substrata
  Barnacles and Littorina spp. on unstable eulittoral mixed substrata
  Littoral sediment
  Littoral coarse sediment
  Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores
  Barren littoral shingle
  Pectenogammarus planicrurus in mid shore well-sorted gravel or coarse sand
  Littoral sand
  Strandline
  Talitrids on the upper shore and strand-line
  Mytilus edulis and Fabricia sabella in littoral mixed sediment
  Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores
  Barren littoral coarse sand
  Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand
  Oligochaetes in full salinity littoral mobile sand
  Oligochaetes in variable salinity littoral mobile sand
  Amphipods and Scolelepis spp. in littoral medium-fine sand
  Scolelepis spp. in littoral mobile sand
  Eurydice pulchra in littoral mobile sand
  Pontocrates arenarius in littoral mobile sand
  Polychaete/amphipod-dominated fine sand shores
  Polychaetes in littoral fine sand
  Polychaetes, including Paraonis fulgens, in littoral fine sand
  Polychaetes and Angulus tenuis in littoral fine sand
  Nephtys cirrosa-dominated littoral fine sand
  Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores
  Macoma balthica and Arenicola marina in littoral muddy sand
  Cerastoderma edule and polychaetes in littoral muddy sand
  Hediste diversicolor, Macoma balthica and Eteone longa in littoral muddy sand
  Bathyporeia pilosa and Corophium arenarium in littoral muddy sand
  Lanice conchilega in littoral sand
  Littoral mud
  Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores
  Nephtys hombergii, Macoma balthica and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral sandy mud
  Hediste diversicolor and Macoma balthica in littoral sandy mud
  Hediste diversicolor, Macoma balthica and Scrobicularia plana in littoral sandy mud
  Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores
  Nephtys hombergii and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral mud
  Hediste diversicolor in littoral mud
  Hediste diversicolor and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral sandy mud
  Hediste diversicolor and Corophium volutator in littoral mud
  Hediste diversicolor and oligochaetes in littoral mud
  Tubificoides benedii and other oligochaetes in littoral mud
  Littoral mixed sediment
  Hediste-dominated gravelly sandy mud shores
  Hediste diversicolor in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud
  Hediste diversicolor and Macoma balthica in littoral gravelly mud
  Hediste diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana in littoral gravelly mud
  Hediste diversicolor and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral gravelly sandy mud
  Hediste diversicolor, cirratulids and Tubificoides spp. in littoral gravelly sandy mud
  Hediste diversicolor and Corophium volutator in littoral gravelly sandy mud
  Species-rich mixed sediment shores
  Cirratulids and Cerastoderma edule in littoral mixed sediment
  Littoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
  Saltmarsh
  Littoral seagrass beds
  Zostera noltii beds in littoral muddy sand
  Littoral biogenic reefs
  Littoral Sabellaria honeycomb worm reefs
  Sabellaria alveolata reefs on sand-abraded eulittoral rock
  Littoral mussel beds on sediment
  Mytilus edulis beds on littoral sediments
  Mytilus edulis beds on littoral mixed substrata
  Mytilus edulis beds on littoral sand
  Mytilus edulis beds on littoral mud
  Infralittoral rock (and other hard substrata)
  High energy infralittoral rock
  Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
  Alaria esculenta on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
  Alaria esculenta, Mytilus edulis and coralline crusts on very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
  Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
  Alaria esculenta forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed infralittoral bedrock
  Laminaria hyperborea forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed upper infralittoral rock
  Sparse Laminaria hyperborea and dense Paracentrotus lividus on exposed infralittoral limestone
  Laminaria hyperborea with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock
  Laminaria hyperborea forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed upper infralittoral rock
  Laminaria hyperborea park with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock
  Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forest on exposed infralittoral rock
  Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock
  Foliose red seaweeds with dense Dictyota dichotoma and/or Dictyopteris membranacea on exposed lower infralittoral rock
  Laminaria hyperborea and red seaweeds on exposed vertical rock
  Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities
  Saccorhiza polyschides and other opportunistic kelps on disturbed sublittoral fringe rock
  Laminaria saccharina and/or Saccorhiza polyschides on exposed infralittoral rock
  Laminaria saccharina, Chorda filum and dense red seaweeds on shallow unstable infralittoral boulders or cobbles
  Dense Desmarestia spp. with filamentous red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral cobbles, pebbles and bedrock
  Mixed kelps with scour-tolerant and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds on scoured or sand-covered infralittoral rock
  Halidrys siliquosa and mixed kelps on tide-swept infralittoral rock with coarse sediment
  Polyides rotundus, Ahnfeltia plicata and Chondrus crispus on sand-covered infralittoral rock
  Moderate energy infralittoral rock
  Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
  Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock
  Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
  Laminaria digitata and under-boulder fauna on sublittoral fringe boulders
  Laminaria digitata and piddocks on sublittoral fringe soft rock
  Laminaria hyperborea on tide-swept, infralittoral rock
  Laminaria hyperborea forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock
  Laminaria hyperborea park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock
  Laminaria hyperborea on tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata
  Laminaria hyperborea forest and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept upper infralittoral mixed substrata
  Laminaria hyperborea park and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept lower infralittoral mixed substrata
  Laminaria hyperborea and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock
  Laminaria hyperborea forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock
  Laminaria hyperborea park and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock
  Grazed Laminaria hyperborea forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock
  Grazed Laminaria hyperborea park with coralline crusts on lower infralittoral rock
  Sabellaria spinulosa with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock
  Dense foliose red seaweeds on silty moderately exposed infralittoral rock
  Laminaria hyperborea on moderately exposed vertical rock.
  Hiatella arctica and seaweeds on vertical limestone / chalk.
  Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions
  Laminaria digitata, ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock
  Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock
  Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel in tidal rapids
  Laminaria saccharina with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock
  Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and Balanus crenatus on tide-swept variable-salinity infralittoral rock
  Low energy infralittoral rock
  Silted kelp communities (sheltered infralittoral rock)
  Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forest on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock
  Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina on sheltered infralittoral rock
  Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock
  Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina park on sheltered lower infralittoral rock
  Grazed, mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina on sheltered infralittoral rock
 &nbsp;Laminaria saccharina on very sheltered infralittoral rock
  Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria digitata on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock
  Laminaria saccharina forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock
  Laminaria saccharina park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock
  Grazed Laminaria saccharina with Echinus, brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock
  Silted cape-form Laminaria hyperborea on very sheltered infralittoral rock
  Sargassum muticum on shallow slightly tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata
  Kelp in variable or reduced salinity
  Codium spp. with red seaweeds and sparse Laminaria saccharina on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock
  Laminaria saccharina and Psammechinus miliaris on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock
  Laminaria saccharina with Phyllophora spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock
  Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock
  Mytilus edulis beds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
  Cordylophora caspia and Electra crustulenta on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
  Hartlaubella gelatinosa and Conopeum reticulum on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata
  Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)
  Ascophyllum nodosum with epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral rock
  Mixed fucoids, Chorda filum and green seaweeds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
  Polyides rotundus and/or Furcellaria lumbricalis on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
  Fucus ceranoides and Enteromorpha spp. on low salinity infralittoral rock
  Features of infralittoral rock
  Infralittoral surge gullies and caves
  Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in surge gully entrances
  Anemones, including Corynactis viridis, crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on very exposed or wave surged vertical infralittoral rock
  Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with Dendrodoa grossularia or barnacles on wave-surged infralittoral rock
  Dendrodoa grossularia and Clathrina coriacea on wave-surged vertical infralittoral rock
  Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged infralittoral cave or gully walls
  Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock
  Balanus crenatus and/or Pomatoceros triqueter with spirorbid worms and coralline crusts on severely-scoured vertical infralittoral rock
  Coralline crusts and crustaceans on mobile boulders or cobbles in surge gullies
  Infralittoral fouling seaweed communities
  Circalittoral rock (and other hard substrata)
  High energy circalittoral rock
  Very tide-swept faunal communities
  Balanus crenatus and Tubularia indivisa on extremely tide-swept circalittoral rock
  Tubularia indivisa on tide-swept circalittoral rock
  Tubularia indivisa and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid circalittoral bedrock
  Alcyonium digitatum with dense Tubularia indivisa and anemones on strongly tide-swept circalittoral rock
  Deep sponge communities (circalittoral)
  Phakellia ventilabrum and Axinellid sponges on deep, wave- exposed circalittoral rock
  Mixed faunal turf communities
  Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock
  Eunicella verrucosa and Pentapora foliacea on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with Dysidia fragilis and Actinothoe sphyrodeta on tide-swept wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with Sagartia elegans on tide-swept ciraclittoral rock
  Corynactis viridis and a mixed turf of crisiids, Bugula, Scrupocellaria, and Cellaria on moderately tide-swept exposed circalittoral rock
  Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with Swiftia pallida and Caryophyllia smithii on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock
  Flustra foliacea and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Polyclinum aurantium and Flustra foliacea on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Flustra foliacea, small solitary and colonial ascidians on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock or boulders
  Flustra foliacea and colonial ascidians on tide-swept exposed circalittoral mixed substrata
  Sparse sponges, Nemertesia spp. and Alcyonidium diaphanum on circalittoral mixed substrata
  Suberites spp. with a mixed turf of crisiids and Bugula spp. on heavily silted moderately wave-exposed shallow circalittoral rock
  Flustra foliacea and Haliclona oculata with a rich faunal turf on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
  Molgula manhattensis with a hydroid and bryozoan turf on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Sponges and anemones on vertical circalittoral bedrock
  Moderate energy circalittoral rock
  Echinoderms and crustose communities
  Caryophyllia smithii and Swiftia pallida on circalittoral rock
  Caryophyllia smithii, Swiftia pallida and Alcyonium glomeratum on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
  Caryophyllia smithii, Swiftia pallida and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed circalittoral rock
  Caryophyllia smithii, sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts, Parasmittina trispinosa and Caryophyllia smithii on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Caryophyllia smithii and sponges with Pentapora foliacea, Porella compressa and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Urticina felina and sand-tolerant fauna on sand-scoured or covered circalittoral rock
  Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Flustra foliacea on slightly scoured silty circalittoral rock
  Alcyonium digitatum, Pomatoceros triqueter, algal and bryozoan crusts on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Alcyonium digitatum with Securiflustra securifrons on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Brittlestars on faunal and algal encrusted exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Faunal and algal crusts with Pomatoceros triqueter and sparse Alcyonium digitatum on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Caryophyllia smithii with faunal and algal crusts on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Alcyonium digitatum and faunal crust communities on vertical circalittoral bedrock
  Circalittoral Sabellaria reefs (on rock)
  Sabellaria spinulosa encrusted circalittoral rock
  Sabellaria spinulosa with a bryozoan turf and barnacles on silty turbid circalittoral rock
  Sabellaria spinulosa, didemnids and other small ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Soft rock communities
  Piddocks with a sparse associated fauna in sublittoral very soft chalk or clay
  Polydora sp. tubes on moderately exposed sublittoral soft rock
  Hiatella-bored vertical sublittoral limestone rock
  Circalittoral mussel beds on rock
  Mytilus edulis beds with hydroids and ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
  Musculus discors beds on moderately exposed circalittoral rock
  Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity
  Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock
  Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock
  Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral rock
  Halichondria bowerbanki, Eudendrium arbusculum and Eucratea loricata on reduced salinity tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
  Low energy circalittoral rock
  Brachiopod and ascidian communities
  Solitary ascidians, including Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
  Solitary ascidians, including Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, with Antedon spp. on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
  Dense brittlestars with sparse Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis on sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
  Large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
  Antedon spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock
  Neocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on sheltered circalittoral rock
  Neocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
  Neocrania anomala, Dendrodoa grossularia and Sarcodictyon roseum on variable salinity circalittoral rock
  Features of circalittoral rock
  Circalittoral caves and overhangs
  Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging circalittoral rock
  Circalittoral fouling faunal communities
  Alcyonium digitatum and Metridium senile on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks
  Ascidiella aspersa on circalittoral artificial substrata
  Sublittoral sediment
  Sublittoral coarse sediment (unstable cobbles and pebbles, gravels and coarse sands)
  Sublittoral coarse sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)
  Infralittoral coarse sediment
  Sparse fauna on highly mobile sublittoral shingle (cobbles and pebbles)
  Halcampa chrysanthellum and Edwardsia timida on sublittoral clean stone gravel
  Moerella spp. with venerid bivalves in infralittoral gravelly sand
  Hesionura elongata and Microphthalmus similis with other interstitial polychaetes in infralittoral mobile coarse sand
  Glycera lapidum in impoverished infralittoral mobile gravel and sand
  Cumaceans and Chaetozone setosa in infralittoral gravelly sand
  Dense Lanice conchilega and other polychaetes in tide-swept infralittoral sand and mixed gravelly sand
  Circalittoral coarse sediment
  Pomatoceros triqueter with barnacles and bryozoan crusts on unstable circalittoral cobbles and pebbles
  Mediomastus fragilis, Lumbrineris spp. and venerid bivalves in circalittoral coarse sand or gravel
  Protodorvillea kefersteini and other polychaetes in impoverished circalittoral mixed gravelly sand
  Neopentadactyla mixta in circalittoral shell gravel or coarse sand
  Branchiostoma lanceolatum in circalittoral coarse sand with shell gravel
  Offshore circalittoral coarse sediment
  Glycera lapidum, Thyasira spp. and Amythasides macroglossus in offshore gravelly sand
  Hesionura elongata and Protodorvillea kefersteini in offshore coarse sand
  Sublittoral sands and muddy sands
  Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity (lagoons)
  Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)
  Infralittoral mobile sand in variable salinity (estuaries)
  Nephtys cirrosa and Macoma balthica in variable salinity infralittoral mobile sand
  Neomysis integer and Gammarus spp. in fluctuating low salinity infralittoral mobile sand
  Infralittoral fine sand
  Infralittoral mobile clean sand with sparse fauna
  Sertularia cupressina and Hydrallmania falcata on tide-swept sublittoral sand with cobbles or pebbles.
  Nephtys cirrosa and Bathyporeia spp. in infralittoral sand
  Semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in sublittoral sand
  Infralittoral muddy sand
  Echinocardium cordatum and Ensis spp. in lower shore and shallow sublittoral slightly muddy fine sand
  Fabulina fabula and Magelona mirabilis with venerid bivalves and amphipods in infralittoral compacted fine muddy sand
  Arenicola marina in infralittoral fine sand or muddy sand
  Spisula subtruncata and Nephtys hombergii in shallow muddy sand
  Circalittoral fine sand
  Echinocyamus pusillus, Ophelia borealis and Abra prismatica in circalittoral fine sand
  Abra prismatica, Bathyporeia elegans and polychaetes in circalittoral fine sand
  Circalittoral muddy sand
  Abra alba and Nucula nitidosa in circalittoral muddy sand or slightly mixed sediment
  Amphiura brachiata with Astropecten irregularis and other echinoderms in circalittoral muddy sand
  Offshore circalittoral sand
  Maldanid polychaetes and Eudorellopsis deformis in offshore circalittoral sand or muddy sand
  Owenia fusiformis and Amphiura filiformis in offshore circalittoral sand or muddy sand
  Sublittoral cohesive mud and sandy mud communities
  Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity (lagoons)
  Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)
  Polydora ciliata and Corophium volutator in variable salinity infralittoral firm mud or clay
  Aphelochaeta marioni and Tubificoides spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mud
  Nephtys hombergii and Tubificoides spp. in variable salinity infralittoral soft mud
  Infralittoral fluid mobile mud
  Capitella capitata and Tubificoides spp. in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
  Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
  Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Tubifex tubifex and Gammarus spp. in low salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
  Infralittoral sandy mud
  Nephtys hombergii and Macoma balthica in infralittoral sandy mud
  Sagartiogeton undatus and Ascidiella aspersa on infralittoral sandy mud
  Mysella bidentata and Abra spp. in infralittoral sandy mud
  Melinna palmata with Magelona spp. and Thyasira spp. in infralittoral sandy mud
  Ampelisca spp., Photis longicaudata and other tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in infralittoral sandy mud
  Capitella capitata in enriched sublittoral muddy sediments
  Infralittoral fine mud
  Cerastoderma edule with Abra nitida in infralittoral mud
  Arenicola marina in infralittoral mud
  Philine aperta and Virgularia mirabilis in soft stable infralittoral mud
  Ocnus planci aggregations on sheltered sublittoral muddy sediment
  Beggiatoa spp. on anoxic sublittoral mud
  Circalittoral sandy mud
  Amphiura filiformis, Mysella bidentata and Abra nitida in circalittoral sandy mud
  Thyasira spp. and Nuculoma tenuis in circalittoral sandy mud
  Amphiura filiformis and Nuculoma tenuis in circalittoral and offshore sandy mud
  Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiura spp. with Pecten maximus on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud
  Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiura spp. with Pecten maximus, hydroids and ascidians on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud with stones
  Lagis koreni and Phaxas pellucidus in circalittoral sandy mud
  Circalittoral fine mud
  Seapens and burrowing megafauna in circalittoral fine mud
  Seapens, including Funiculina quadrangularis, and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud
  Burrowing megafauna and Maxmuelleria lankesteri in circalittoral mud
  Brissopsis lyrifera and Amphiura chiajei in circalittoral mud
  Offshore circalittoral mud
  Ampharete falcata turf with Parvicardium ovale on cohesive muddy sediment near margins of deep stratified seas
  Foraminiferans and Thyasira sp. in deep circalittoral fine mud
  Styela gelatinosa, Pseudamussium septemradiatum and solitary ascidians on sheltered deep circalittoral muddy sediment
  Capitella capitata and Thyasira spp. in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud
  Capitella capitata, Thyasira spp. and Ophryotrocha dubia in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral sandy mud
  Levinsenia gracilis and Heteromastus filifirmis in offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud
  Paramphinome jeffreysii, Thyasira spp. and Amphiura filiformis in offshore circalittoral sandy mud
  Myrtea spinifera and polychaetes in offshore circalittoral sandy mud
  Sublittoral mixed sediment
  Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity (lagoons)
  Sublittoral mixed sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)
  Aphelochaeta spp. and Polydora spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment
  Crepidula fornicata and Mediomastus fragilis in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment
  Infralittoral mixed sediment
  Crepidula fornicata with ascidians and anemones on infralittoral coarse mixed sediment
  Sabella pavonina with sponges and anemones on infralittoral mixed sediment
  Venerupis senegalensis, Amphipholis squamata and Apseudes latreilli in infralittoral mixed sediment
  Limaria hians beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment
  Ostrea edulis beds on shallow sublittoral muddy mixed sediment
  Circalittoral mixed sediment
  Cerianthus lloydii and other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
  Cerianthus lloydii with Nemertesia spp. and other hydroids in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
  Sparse Modiolus modiolus, dense Cerianthus lloydii and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed sediment
  Mysella bidentata and Thyasira spp. in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
  Flustra foliacea and Hydrallmania falcata on tide-swept circalittoral mixed sediment
  Ophiothrix fragilis and/or Ophiocomina nigra brittlestar beds on sublittoral mixed sediment
  Offshore circalittoral mixed sediment
  Polychaete-rich deep Venus community in offshore mixed sediments
  Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated communities on sediments
  Maerl beds
  Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
  Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds with red seaweeds in shallow infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
  Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds with Neopentadactyla mixta and other echinoderms in deeper infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
  Lithothamnion corallioides maerl beds on infralittoral muddy gravel
  Lithophyllum fasciculatum maerl beds on infralittoral mud
  Lithothamnion glaciale maerl beds in tide-swept variable salinity infralittoral gravel
  Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment
  Laminaria saccharina and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments
  Red seaweeds and kelps on tide-swept mobile infralittoral cobbles and pebbles
  Laminaria saccharina and robust red algae on infralittoral gravel and pebbles
  Laminaria saccharina and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand
  Laminaria saccharina with red and brown seaweeds on lower infralittoral muddy mixed sediment
  Laminaria saccharina and Chorda filum on sheltered upper infralittoral muddy sediment
  Laminaria saccharina with Psammechinus miliaris and/or Modiolus modiolus on variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment
  Laminaria saccharina, Gracilaria gracilis and brown seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral sediment
  Laminaria saccharina and Gracilaria gracilis with sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral sediment
  Mats of Trailliella on infralittoral muddy gravel
  Loose-lying mats of Phyllophora crispa on infralittoral muddy sediment
  Filamentous green seaweeds on low salinity infralittoral mixed sediment or rock
  Sublittoral seagrass beds
  Zostera marina/angustifolia beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand
  Ruppia maritima in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sand
  Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
  Potamogeton pectinatus community
  Phragmites australis swamp and reed beds
  Sublittoral biogenic reefs on sediment
  Polychaete worm reefs (on sublittoral sediment)
  Sabellaria spinulosa on stable circalittoral mixed sediment
  Sabellaria alveolata on variable salinity sublittoral mixed sediment
  Serpula vermicularis reefs on very sheltered circalittoral muddy sand
  Sublittoral mussel beds (on sublittoral sediment)
  Modiolus modiolus beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
  Modiolus modiolus beds on open coast circalittoral mixed sediment
  Modiolus modiolus beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
  Modiolus modiolus beds with Chlamys varia, sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
  Mytilus edulis beds on sublittoral sediment
  Coral reefs
  Lophelia reefs




(clique acima do habitat desejado para seguir o link)



Anexo 2


Para uma boa introdução da metodologia utilizada no desenvolvimento da Classificação dos Habitats da Grã-Bretanha e da Irlanda que pode servir de modelo para uma futura classificação dos habitats marinhos de Portugal, reproduzimos aqui a página original da descrição da metodologia em inglês:

Classification development - approach and methods used

Review of classification systems and literature

Before embarking on the development of the MNCR BioMar classification (Connor et al. 1997a, b), a review of existing classification systems was undertaken (Hiscock & Connor 1991). From these, proposals for a classification structure (Connor et al. 1995 a, b) were developed that drew upon the best features of the existing systems, whilst avoiding their weaker aspects. There was subsequent wide consultation on the proposed classification structure, including through two European workshops held during the EC-funded BioMar project (Hiscock ed. 1995; Connor ed. 1997). These workshops helped ensure broad acceptance of the proposed structure and its wide applicability across European seas.

 
In addition to a review of classification schemes, an extensive review of the literature describing marine habitats was also undertaken. This helped formulate the initial lists of types which might form the basis of the classification. For this the scientific literature was of considerable help for sediment habitats (a traditional area for marine studies) but relatively poor for rocky habitats (which, in the subtidal, attracted attention only relatively recently through use of SCUBA diving techniques). These initial lists of types were then refined on the basis of new dedicated field surveys, data analyses and field trials.
 

Consultation and testing

Phases of external consultation and testing of the classification system have been essential to ensure the classification is as robust and usable as possible.
 
The advice of external consultees has been important in two key areas:
 
  • Marine scientists have contributed expertise in their understanding of the marine environment and its communities, both from a generic perspective and with specific knowledge of communities at particular sites around the country. Of particular importance has been advice on the relationships of environmental factors to community structure and the spatial and temporal dynamics of the marine environment.

 

  • Environmental and conservation managers and end-users have helped define their end needs for the classification system. This has been reflected both in terms of the overall structure of the classification, such as the orientation of biotope complexes to mapping and sensitivity needs, the type of information given in the description of each classification type, and the demands of field application.
 

Field surveys and other data acquisition

The Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) undertook a programme of field surveys throughout Britain between 1987 and 1998, collecting data suitable to develop the classification. In addition, data were acquired from the published literature and through collaboration with a wide variety of academic, government and other organisations. Comparable data were collected in Ireland through the BioMar project between 1992 and 1996.
 
The data comprise information on the nature of each site (such as substratum, wave exposure and height or depth surveyed), the type of sampling undertaken, the site's location and the species present (together with an indication of their abundance) within discrete habitats at the site. MNCR field recording techniques are described in Hiscock (1996), with Appendix 8 providing the guidance on how to complete MNCR field recording forms (the forms can be downloaded from here).The terminology relating to field survey methods is described further below, and should help users of the classification interpret the habitat information contained in the biotope descriptions. Procedural Guidelines for a wide range of field sampling techniques are given in the Marine Monitoring Handbook (Davies et al. 2001).
 
In total, data for over 16,000 sites comprising more than 36,000 habitat records from around Britain and Ireland were collated and entered onto the MNCR database (as described by Hiscock, 1996). The database includes a module which holds definitions of each classification type, linked to a national dictionary of marine species and to the field survey data. The field survey data have been made widely accessible via the web-based MERMAID application, and more recently, via the National Biodiversity Network from an MS Access-based 'relational' database, Marine Recorder. The Marine Recorder database application has been specifically developed to accept marine biological data from a wide range of survey techniques, including the data held originally in the MNCR database. The application can be downloaded here, and includes a dictionary of the habitat classification types.
 

Terms used for field recording and habitat definition

For semi-quantitative biological recording, the MNCR SACFOR scale was used.
The following definitions for physical habitat characteristics are taken from guidance notes for MNCR field recording (Appendix 8 in Hiscock ed. 1996). Some terms are modified for use in the classification.
 
Salinity - The categories are defined as follows (the points of separation approximate to critical tolerance limits for marine species):
 
Fully marine
30-40 ‰
Variable
18-40 ‰
Reduced
18-30 ‰
Low
<18 ‰
 
Wave exposure - These categories take account of the aspect of the coast (related to direction of prevailing or strong winds), the fetch (distance to nearest land), its openness (the degree of open water offshore) and its profile (the depth profile of water adjacent to the coast). Estimation of wave exposure requires inspection of charts and maps.
 
Extremely exposed
This category is for the few open coastlines which face into prevailing wind and receive oceanic swell without any offshore breaks (such as islands or shallows) for several thousand km and where deep water is close to the shore (50 m depth contour within about 300 m, e.g. Rockall).
Very exposed
These are open coasts which face into prevailing winds and receive oceanic swell without any offshore breaks (such as islands or shallows) for several hundred km but where deep water is not close (>300 m) to the shore. They can be adjacent to extremely exposed sites but face away from prevailing winds (here swell and wave action will refract towards these shores) or where, although facing away from prevailing winds, strong winds and swell often occur (for instance, the east coast of Fair Isle).
Exposed
At these sites, prevailing wind is onshore although there is a degree of shelter because of extensive shallow areas offshore, offshore obstructions, a restricted (<90o) window to open water. These sites will not generally be exposed to strong or regular swell. This can also include open coasts facing away from prevailing winds but where strong winds with a long fetch are frequent.
Moderately exposed
These sites generally include open coasts facing away from prevailing winds and without a long fetch but where strong winds can be frequent.
Sheltered
At these sites, there is a restricted fetch and/or open water window. Coasts can face prevailing winds but with a short fetch (say <20 km) or extensive shallow areas offshore or may face away from prevailing winds.
Very sheltered
These sites are unlikely to have a fetch greater than 20 km (the exception being through a narrow (<30o) open water window, they face away from prevailing winds or have obstructions, such as reefs, offshore.
Extremely sheltered
These sites are fully enclosed with fetch no greater than about 3 km.
Ultra sheltered
Sites with fetch of a few tens or at most 100s of metres.
 
In the habitat classification exposed (as in exposed littoral rock) encompasses the extremely exposed, very exposed and exposed categories, whilst sheltered (as in sheltered littoral rock) encompasses sheltered to ultra sheltered categories.
 
Tidal currents (or streams) (maximum at surface) - This is maximum tidal current strength which affects the actual area surveyed. Note for shores and inshore areas this may differ considerably from the tidal currents present offshore. In some narrows and sounds the top of the shore may only be covered at slack water, but the lower shore is subject to fast running water.
 
Very strong
>6 knots            (>3 m/sec.)
Strong
3-6 knots           (>1.5-3 m/sec.)
Moderately strong
1-3 knots           (0.5-1.5 m/sec.)
Weak
<1 knot             (<0.5 m/sec.)
Very weak
Negligible
 
In the habitat classification tide-swept habitats typically have moderately strong or stronger tidal currents.
 
Zone - These definitions primarily relate to rocky habitats or those where algae grow (e.g. stable shallow sublittoral sediments). For use of the terms infralittoral and circalittoral in the classification, especially for sediments, refer also to Table 5.
 
Supralittoral
Colonised by yellow and grey lichens, above the Littorina populations but generally below flowering plants.
Upper littoral fringe
This is the splash zone above High Water of Spring Tides with a dense band of the black lichen by Verrucaria maura. Littorina saxatilis and Littorina neritoides often present. May include saltmarsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter.
Lower littoral fringe
The Pelvetia (in shelter) or Porphyra (exposed) belt. With patchy Verrucaria maura, Verrucaria mucosa and Lichina pygmaea present above the main barnacle population. May also include saltmarsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter.
Upper eulittoral
Barnacles and limpets present in quantity or with dense Fucus spiralis in sheltered locations.
Mid eulittoral
Barnacle-limpet dominated, sometimes mussels or dominated by Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum in sheltered locations. Mastocarpus stellatus and Palmaria palmata patchy in lower part. Usually quite a wide belt.
Lower eulittoral
Fucus serratus, Mastocarpus stellatus, Himanthalia elongata or Palmaria palmata variously dominant; barnacles sparse.
Sublittoral fringe
Dominated by Alaria esculenta (very exposed), Laminaria digitata (exposed to sheltered) or Laminaria saccharina (very sheltered) with encrusting coralline algae; barnacles sparse.
Upper infralittoral
Dense forest of kelp.
Lower infralittoral
Sparse kelp park, dominated by foliose algae except where grazed. May lack kelp.
Upper circalittoral
Dominated by animals, lacking kelp but with sparse foliose algae except where grazed.
Lower circalittoral
Dominated by animals with no foliose algae but encrusting coralline algae.
 
Substratum
 
Bedrock
Includes very soft rock-types such as chalk, peat and clay.
Boulders
Very large (>1024 mm), large (512-1024 mm), small (256-512 mm)
Cobbles
64-256 mm
Pebbles
16-64 mm
Gravel
4-16 mm
Coarse sand
1-4 mm
Medium sand
0.25-1 mm
Fine sand
0.063 - 0.25 mm
Mud
<0.063 mm (the silt/clay fraction)
 
Each division of sediment type above represents two divisions on the Wentworth scale (Wentworth 1922).
 
In the habitat classification, bedrock, stable boulders, cobbles or pebbles and habitats of mixed boulder, cobble, pebble and sediment (mixed substrata) as well as artificial substrata (concrete, wood, metal) are collectively referred to as rock. Highly mobile cobbles and pebbles (shingle), together with gravel and coarse sand are collectively referred to as coarse sediments. Mixed sediment consists of heterogeneous mixtures of gravel, sand and mud and may often have shells and stones also.
 

Data analysis

For the 1997 classification, data analyses
using the TWINSPAN and DECORANA clustering and ordination techniques were employed to help define the types. The analytical processes adopted are described in Mills (1994).
 
The 1997 version was revised and refined to develop the present version. Extensive re-analyses of the data were carried out using  the analytical techniques available in PRIMER (Clarke & Warwick, 2001). The data were initially divided into the five broad habitat types shown in the primary habitat matrix, i.e. Littoral Rock, Littoral Sediment, Infralittoral Rock, Circalittoral Rock and Sublittoral Sediment.

Due to the large size of the datasets within each broad habitat, some further a priori divisions of the data within broad habitats were necessary before analysis was possible. Additional analyses were carried out on data from "borderline" habitats to ensure these a priori splits did not force artificial divisions into the classification where this was not supported by differences in the survey data. Analysis within each broad habitat was led by a specialist for that habitat type. Figure 2 shows the data analysis process for the littoral sediment section. The following paragraphs describe the analyses
carried out within each broad habitat:

Littoral rock

As the biotopes defined in version 97.06
(Connor et al., 1997 a, b) were generally considered satisfactory, analysis focused on clarifying the boundaries between closely related types and confirming the validity of certain less-well defined types. This included attention to the inter-relationship of fucoid-dominated types regarding the bedrock/boulder/mixed substrata and fully marine/variable salinity transitions and examination of the various red algal-dominated types. Additionally new data from intertidal caves enabled substantial development of the classification here. On the basis of these analyses, some restructuring at biotope complex level was necessary.

Littoral sediment

Due to the size of the Littoral Sediment dataset
(>4000 records), some a priori division was necessary to provide datasets that could be managed within PRIMER (Clarke & Warwick, 2001). Data were divided based on the sediment type categories at habitat complex level in the 97.06 classification (Connor et al., 1997a, b): gravels and sands, muddy sands, sandy muds, muds and mixed sediments. Semi-quantitative epifaunal data were considered to be of less value than quantitative infaunal data for the purposes of the analysis and were thus excluded. Epifaunal data were however used to define types where a significant proportion of species would be sampled in epibiota sampling techniques, and/or where few infaunal samples were available, e.g. for mussel beds.
 
Cluster analysis was carried out based on species matrices listing individual counts per m2 in each sample, using the PRIMER software package (Clarke & Warwick, 2001). The data were divided into small clusters of biologically similar records, based on the resulting dendrograms. Comparative tables were produced to compare the species data and physical data between each of the small clusters. Where there were no notable differences between the physical and biological characteristics of the small clusters, they were amalgamated into larger groups which would form the preliminary basis for biotopes and sub-biotopes. Where similar biological and physical profiles appeared from clusters derived from different datasets, those data were joined and re-analysed. In particular, there was some overlap between the 'gravels and sands' and the 'muddy sands', and between the 'muddy sands' and 'mud' datasets. This re-analysis was carried out to ensure that the a priori divisions of the data did not artificially force divisions of otherwise coherent clusters. The resulting preliminary biotope and sub-biotope groups of records were then checked to ensure cohesion of both the environmental and species data. Individual records which differed significantly from the average profile for the group (in terms of biology or physical habitat characteristics) were removed, resulting in a group of records which formed the basis of the biotope descriptions (core biotope records). The physical and biological profiles from the core biotope records were then used to group biotopes of similar character into biotope complexes, and these in turn were assigned to habitat complexes and broad habitats. Note that, in addition to the habitat complexes defined on sediment character, two additional categories were created based on epifaunal characteristics (littoral sediments dominated by macrophytes, and littoral biogenic reefs).

Infralittoral rock

As the biotopes defined in version 97.06 were generally considered satisfactory, analysis focused on clarifying the boundaries between closely related types and confirming the validity of certain less-well defined types. This included particular attention to the tide-swept kelp types and the inter-relationship of highly grazed and poorly grazed kelp habitats. On the basis of these analyses, some restructuring at biotope complex level was necessary.  Attention was also paid to the vertical rock section of the infralittoral rock classification, and examining how these additional biotopes could be fitted into the existing biotope complexes, reflecting the subtle differences in their biological character.
 

Circalittoral rock

Due to the complexities of this part of the classification, especially the more subtle differences between types on the open coast, a full re-analysis of the data were undertaken.  The large size of the circalittoral rock dataset meant that some a priori division was necessary to provide datasets that could be managed within PRIMER (Clarke & Warwick, 2001). Data were divided on the basis of three previously determined energy levels; high, moderate and low energy.  Cluster analysis was carried out using epifaunal species matrices exported from the AREV database, using the PRIMER software package (Clarke & Warwick, 2001). The data were divided into small clusters of biologically similar records, based on the resulting dendrograms. Comparative tables were produced to compare the species data and physical data between each of the small clusters. Where there were no notable differences between the physical and biological characteristics of the small clusters, they were amalgamated into larger groups which would form the preliminary basis for biotopes and sub-biotopes. Where similar biological and physical profiles appeared from clusters derived from different datasets, those data were joined and re-analysed.  This re-analysis was carried out to ensure that the a priori divisions of the data did not artificially force divisions of otherwise coherent clusters. The resulting preliminary biotope and sub-biotope groups of records were then checked to ensure cohesion of both the environmental and species data. Individual records which differed significantly from the average profile for the group (in terms of biology or physical habitat characteristics) were removed, resulting in a group of records which formed the basis of the biotope descriptions (core biotope records). The physical and biological profiles from the core biotope records were then used to group biotopes of similar character into biotope complexes, and these in turn were assigned to habitat complexes and broad habitats.  As in the infralittoral rock section, further analysis was also carried out on the vertical rock section of the circalittoral rock classification.
 

Sublittoral sediment

A full re-analysis of the existing data on the MNCR database in addition to data supplied by the sublittoral specialist was carried out (approximately 10,000 records in total). This followed a similar approach to that described for littoral sediment and as outlined in Figure 2. Data were split according to sediment type, data type (infaunal or epibiota) and sampling technique (where appropriate). Poor quality data was also removed prior to analysis for later manual assessment. Cluster analysis was undertaken using either PRIMER (as described for the littoral sediments) or TWINSPAN (following the guidelines in Mills, 1994). Clusters of biologically similar records were produced and assessed using comparative tables. Clusters with poor species definition or highly variable physical characteristics were further sub-divided until more homogenous groups were derived. Where similar biological and physical profiles appeared from clusters derived from different main habitat datasets those data were combined and re-analysed using the same clustering methods as described above in order ensure that the a priori divisions of the data did not bias the results of the analysis.
 
Where similar biological and physical profiles were found in clusters from datasets of differing sampling method or those with different types of data (e.g. epibiota or infauna) the groups were re-analysed where possible at a lower level of resolution (either presence-absence or on the MNCR SACFOR scale) using PRIMER or TWINSPAN such that the differences in data type were reduced. As for the littoral sediments the resulting groups were then checked for cohesion with regard the physical and biological data, and individual records assigned to the groups were checked against the profiles of the groups as a whole and re-assigned if necessary.
 
The physical and biological profiles from the core records for each type were then used to group types of similar character into the broader biotope complexes and these in turn were assigned to one of the six main habitats for sublittoral sediment, derived from the EUNIS classification. The relationship between the sublittoral sediment biotopes is shown for separate depth bands in a series of habitat matrices, available to download as images from the classification website.


Anexo 3 - Canhões submarinos portugueses


Um Desfiladeiro submarino ou canhão submarino, é um vale alcantilado localizado no fundo oceânico de um talude continental. Muitos desfiladeiros submarinos são prolongamentos de grandes rios; contudo, existem alguns que não possuem tal associação. São conhecidos exemplos situados a profundidades maiores do que 2 km abaixo do nível do mar, formados por atividade vulcânica ou sísmica. Muitos desfiladeiros submarinos prolongam-se na forma de canais submarinos que cortam o sopé continental, podendo atingir centenas de quilómetros de extensão.
São mais comuns nos taludes mais inclinados. Exibem erosão que corta todos os substratos, desde os sedimentos não consolidados até à rocha cristalina.

(Citação de Wikipédia)



Diversidade morfológica das margens continentais evidenciando um canhão submarino e respectivo leque de sedimentos (Adaptado de Blondel in Wefer G. et al., Ocean Margin Systems, 2003).

O maior e mais conhecido canhão de Portugal é o Canhão de Nazaré.

O Canhão da Nazaré, como o nome indica fica situado na costa da Nazaré, Portugal. É o maior desfiladeiro submarino da Europa, tem uma extensão de cerca de 200 km e chega a atingir os 5 000 m de profundidade.
Rico e diverso em vida marinha, tem vindo a ser alvo de vários estudos por parte da Marinha Portuguesa, e várias outras instituições, nacionais e estrangeiras, com o objectivo e como argumento para expansão da "Zona Econômica Exclusiva Portuguesa", ZEE.

Recentemente os pesquisadores encontraram, por exemplo, um tubarão a 3 600 metros de profundidade, assim como diversas colónias de corais.

O Canhão de Nazaré também funciona como um polarizador de ondulações. As ondas conseguem viajar em uma velocidade muito maior pela falha geológica, chegando na costa praticamente sem dissipação de energia. A Praia do Norte, na cidade de Nazaré, apresenta consistentemente ondas significativamente maiores do que o restante da costa portuguesa por conta do Canhão de Nazaré.

No dia 01/11/2011 o surfista Garrett McNamara surfou (na região conhecida como Norte do Canhão), uma onda que tinha cerca de 27,5 metros de altura, sendo a maior onda já surfada na história.

(em fundo esverdeado: citação de Wikipédia)

Outros canhões importantes no espaço marítimo português são o






notes



1 Sem esquecer que os resultados de uma metodologia de interpolação como aquela aplicada na produção dos mapas em "Mesh" nunca pode produzir resultados melhores do que aqueles possíveis perante os dados que entraram na análise - ou dito mais simples: os resultados são apenas fieis e credíveis na medida que as amostragens têm sido densas suficientes e as malhas do "Mesh" não se tornarem  grandes demais.

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